Unit 36. Regular and irregular verbs

Past Simple and Past Participle

The Past Simple and Past Participle of regular verbs is -ed:
clean → cleaned live → lived paint → painted

Past Simple (see Unit 9):
I cleaned my shoes yesterday.
Charlie studied engineering at university.

We use the Past Participle for the Present Perfect and the Passive.
Present Perfect = have/has + Past Participle (see Unit 15, see Unit 16, see Unit 17):
- I have cleaned my shoes.
- Joan has lived in London for ten years.

Passive = be (am/is/are/was/were) + Past Participle (see Unit 20):
- These rooms are cleaned every day.
- My car was repaired last week.

Irregular verbs

The Past Simple and Past Participle of irregular verbs are not -ed:

	make	break	cut
Past Simple	made	broke	cut
Past Participle	made	broken	cut

Sometimes the Past Simple and Past Participle are the same. For example:

	make	find	buy	cut
Past Simple	made	found	bought	cut
Past Participle	made	found	bought	cut

- I made a cake yesterday. (Past Simple)
- I have made some coffee. (Past Participle - Present Perfect)
- Butter is made from milk. (Past Participle - Present Passive)

Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different. For example:

	break	know	begin	go
Past Simple	broke	knew	began	went
Past Participle	broken	known	begun	gone

- Somebody broke this window last night. (Past Simple)
- Somebody has broken this window. (Past Participle - Present Perfect)
- This window was broken last night. (Past Participle - Past Passive)

See Appendix 1 List of irregular verbs
(список неправильных глаголов),
see Appendix 2 Irregular verbs in groups
(группы неправильных глаголов).

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